What Is Panel Data in Economic Research

Panel data, also known as longitudinal data or cross-sectional time series data in some special cases, is data that is derived from a (usually small) number of observations over time on a (usually large) number of cross-sectional units like individuals, households, firms, or governments. In the disciplines of econometrics and statistics, panel data refers to multi-dimensional data that generally involves measurements over some period of time. As such, panel data consists of researchers observations of numerous phenomena that were collected over several time periods for the same group of units or entities. For example, a panel data set may be one that follows a given sample of individuals over time and records observations or information on each individual in the sample. Basic Examples of Panel Data Sets The following are very basic examples of two panel data sets for two to three individuals over the course of several years in which the data collected or observed includes income, age, and sex: Panel Data Set A Person Year Income Age Sex 1 2013 20,000 23 F 1 2014 25,000 24 F 1 2015 27,500 25 F 2 2013 35,000 27 M 2 2014 42,500 28 M 2 2015 50,000 29 M Panel Data Set B Person Year Income Age Sex 1 2013 20,000 23 F 1 2014 25,000 24 F 2 2013 35,000 27 M 2 2014 42,500 28 M 2 2015 50,000 29 M 3 2014 46,000 25 F Both Panel Data Set A and Panel Data Set B above show the data collected (the characteristics of income, age, and sex) over the course of several years for different people. Panel Data Set A shows the data collected for two people (person 1 and person 2) over the course of three years (2013, 2014, and 2015). This example data set would be considered a  balanced panel  because each person is observed for the defined characteristics of income, age, and sex each year of the study. Panel Data Set B, on the other hand, would be considered an  unbalanced panel  as data does not exist for each person each year. Characteristics of person 1 and person 2 were collected in 2013 and 2014, but person 3 is only observed in 2014, not 2013 and 2014.   Analysis of Panel Data in Economic Research There are two distinct sets of information that can be derived from cross-sectional time series data. The cross-sectional component of the data set reflects the differences observed between the individual subjects or entities whereas the time series component which reflects the differences observed for one subject over time. For instance, researchers could focus on the differences in data between each person in a panel study and/or the changes in observed phenomena for one person over the course of the study (e.g., the changes in income over time of person 1 in Panel Data Set A above). It is panel data regression methods that permit economists to use these various sets of information provided by panel data. As such, analysis of panel data can become extremely complex. But this flexibility is precisely the advantage of panel data sets for economic research as opposed to conventional cross-sectional or time series data. Panel data gives researchers a large number of unique data points, which increases the researchers degree of freedom to explore explanatory variables and relationships.

Hunting and Wildlife Management

Criticism Of Praise Praise - 1066 Words

â€Å"Praise† is an action that parents, teachers, and adults overly use when they desire an action from students and children. Most of the time, adults say phrases such as â€Å"Good Job† or â€Å"Fantastic† to boost the moral of students or children. But praise doesn’t always lead to positive growth of an individual in the long run. There is, however, a stronger alternative to praise that many 21st century Western societies haven’t quite accepted. This is known as criticism. We see criticism everywhere in our daily lives; from the workplace, to sporting events and competitions, and even in schools across America. It’s a lot stronger than praise because it provides students with a basis of comparison, and truth and honesty. Therefore, criticism has a better long-term effect on feedback and growth and should be balanced with praise because it allows students to learn from previous mistakes or issues, forcing them to make a positive change abo ut themselves that could potentially help in the future. There are many problems that appear with the use of general praise on its own. For one, praise feeds into the ego of a student, forcing them into a lazy mindset from the overflow of approval. Carol Dweck, a theorist of human motivation, believes that â€Å"praising traits feed the belief that talent is fixed, which makes kids less willing to take on new challenges that might expose them as less naturally able† (Kamenetz). With praise, the child will be less determined to take risks and completeShow MoreRelatedEssay Humor and Criticism in Erasmuss Praise of Folly1293 Words   |  6 PagesHumor and Criticism in Erasmuss Praise of Folly Humor and Criticism in Praise of Folly Erasmus’s Praise of Folly is a humor-filled satire of pretty much everything. It is filled with wit and sarcasm which make light of serious problems and blow insignificant issues out of proportion all the while bringing a smile to the reader’s face. It is not stinging humor at the expense of others (unless, of course, the shoe fits), rather it is directed towards everyone. Erasmus even includes himselfRead MoreCriticisms and Praise for The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug654 Words   |  3 Pagesas a main character. However, while this may have been disappointing, it did leave an opening for us to see the intricacy of some of the other characters, such as Kili and Fili. Perhaps the harshest criticism of this film has come from steadfast fans of Tolkiens work. Much of this criticism is aimed toward Mirkwoods Captain of the guard Tauriel, whom is a completely original character invented by Peter Jackson. There has been quite a bit of controversy on whether or not Jackson is taking tooRead MoreCriticism Of The s Poem Praise Of Feeling Bad About Yourself, The Line 1321 Words   |  6 PagesFrom what de Waal says, do you think a chimp experiences remorse/guilt? What evidence would we have for accepting or rejecting that claim? What enables typical adult humans to experience guilt while most/all other animals do not? In Szymborska’s â€Å"In Praise of Feeling Bad About Yourself,† the line, â€Å"A jackal doesn’t understand remorse.† makes a poignant statement that resonates in the study of ethics, with blame in particular. Remorse is similar to guilt, which is a kind of response (e.g. emotion orRead MorePersuasive Speech : Psy 210741 Words   |  3 Pageswhether and when praise is a more helpful or harmful strategy in motivating people. In recent years there have been many studies performed in order to further our knowledge. There are many factors that attribute to whether or not praise can motivate people. The type of praise greatly effects whether that praise can be helpful or harmful to a person’s motivation. Numerous studies show that verbal feedback/appraisal has a more positive effect on internal motivation than tangible praises. For instanceRead MoreQuiz837 Words   |  4 Pagesequals    Question 3 1 / 1 pts When offering praise,lt;brgt; When offering praise, praise only with your own original comments; dont relay praise from others. praise only with broad sweeping generalizations. praise consistently, even if you have to stretch the truth to do so. praise steps of progress, not just perfection. praise steps of progress, not just perfection.: Dont wait until performance is perfect to give praise; you can compliment a worker on steps of progress. Read MoreDeborah Tannen s Article, But What Do You Mean?955 Words   |  4 Pagesspeaking. The seven main differences are classified and divided into: apologies, criticism, thank-yous, fighting, praise, complaints, and jokes. First, men don’t correctly interpret apologies; they often implicate blame with apology, synonymous with putting oneself down. On the other hand, women apologize to calm other people. Second, criticism from men is straight and without a filter; women do not go as hard in their criticisms in order to not destroy that people feelings. Third, most of women use â€Å"thanks†Read MoreMy Coaching Behavior Lab, The Head Coach For Women s Golf1382 Words   |  6 Pagesplayer’s desirable performance. Praise plus instruction made up a majority of these behaviors at 62.5% and the remaining percentag e was split evenly with praise only, instruction only, and no reinforcement. This distribution of behavior has a high likelihood of being effective in terms of teaching behavior. The coach provided the athletes with some form of reinforcement the majority of the time, only failing to do so once. The coach either responded to the outcome with praise, instruction, or a combinationRead MoreThe Importance and Benefits of Praise in Education882 Words   |  4 PagesThe relevance of praise in education cannot be overstated. Indeed, in this case, praise as opposed to verbal criticism is regarded more beneficial. With that in mind, it can be noted that over time, research studies have been undertaken with an aim of determining how praise impacts on student motivation as well as academic performance. In this text, I discuss the importance of praise in education. Praise the Youth and They Will Blossom: The Importance of Praise in Education Praise basically entailsRead MoreI Am A Leader?1229 Words   |  5 Pagesor arousing resentment is this: â€Å"Begin with praise and honest appreciation.† If overt criticism is necessary, the recommended way to do so is to call attention to the behaviors that need changed indirectly. Instead of overtly telling someone they have broken a rule, subtly remind them of the rule and ask them to follow it in a gentler way. This method can work wonders with people who are more sensitive, and would be embarrassed by an outright criticism. The second principle on how to change peopleRead MoreMary Seacole Essay816 Words   |  4 Pagesmentions ‘no doubt she did some good’ but in this case it is begrudging praise from Nightingale, and we know she’s being honest because it is a letter that she instructed her brother-in-law to burn after being read, so we get an accurate view of Nightingale’s opinion. This source is linked to the other 2 sources because it is at the time which Seacole was getting a ‘rapturous reception’ and in the other sources Seacole is getting praise but also all three sources state somewh ere in their content that she

The Elders Chapel - 1210 Words

Avery Heights is a community nursing home in a park like setting in the town of Hartford. I have been a volunteer worker for two years and almost every day I visit this magnificent place. My attendance began when I was a high school student looking to complete community service work mandatory for every student. Ever since my first visit, I have thoroughly enjoyed assisting the residents living in Avery Heights throughout my high school experience and beyond. Whether spending time with dementia and Alzheimer’s patient or enjoying the twist and turns of the puzzle solving and Friday Bingo games with the healthy residents, I developed a sense of compassion, love, and gratitude toward them. My attraction to the Heights was mainly because of volunteering. I helped residents with any technological issues that they faced, from fixing old VCR players so they could watch their favorites 90s TV shows to teaching them how to access the nursing home Wi-Fi and creating an email account whi ch were a truly rewarding experiences. During a cold Saturday night, I informed my volunteer coordinator Jackie, a music therapist researching the impact of music on Alzheimer’s patients that I would like to attend the Sunday service prayer to gain a new prospective about a faith to which I had little to no exposure. Jackie welcomed me with a smile and agreed that my arrival in the morning would be expected. My main motivation was curiosity for learning and understanding a different religion other thanShow MoreRelatedThe s Expulsion Of Adam And Eve From Eden1276 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and warn against evil in the church and in society. The height of the Renaissance saw a shift of focus back on Christian figures. Raphael’s Philosophy (School of Athens) and Michelangelo’s multiple scenes across the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel exemplify the shift back towards the divine. This shift was in part caused by the change of papal power. Pope Julius appreciated the arts and commissioned theses artists to indulge him. This transition rippled up from Rome to Venice where artists

Big Data Analytics and How it Influences Marketing Strategy - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Big Data Analytics and How it Influences Marketing Strategy and Decision-making about Strategy. Answer: Problem Statement Marketing strategy is the most important strategy for any particular business. It is responsible for all types of long-term survival of all organizations. Moreover, the decisions about these strategies often turn out to be problematic in nature. For achieving this, a specific process could be utilized. Big data analytics is one of the most important processes to uncover any type of hidden information by simply testing big data. This literature would be identifying the problems of the marketing strategies and decision-making about those strategies with the help of big data analytics. This literature would also provide relevant solutions to those problems and the implications. Future works would also be mentioned here. Approach Method for finding, analysing and comparing literature The method utilized for searching for literature was: i) Identification of proper key words that are solely related to the problem ii) Using Google Scholar for searching all the key words and find out Journal Articles. Several peer articles, journal articles and conference papers were searched and around twenty eight papers were eventually shortlisted. After evaluating each of these papers, twelve journal articles were selected. These papers completely define and help the literature analysis to be successful. Organizing the Literature analysis This literature analysis is organized with the following areas: i) Influence of big data analytics in marketing strategy. ii) Influence in decision-making about strategies. Scope of Literature Analysis This particular literature analysis is strictly restricted to peer reviewed journal articles. The specific research problem could be approached from several perspectives. This literature analysis mainly aims at the solutions for making marketing strategy and decision-making strategy easier and simpler for any organization. The scopes of the literature review are given below: i) Small and medium sized enterprises with mitigating marketing risks. ii) Decision making about the strategies becoming easier. Literature Analysis Problems in Marketing Strategy Marketing strategies are the significant strategies in an organization. A company for gaining their competitive advantages and maximum profit utilizes those (Pappas, 2016). However, often few problems are observed within this strategy. These problems become an important barrier in the way to the success of that organization. The major problems are as follows: i) Targeting High Value Sources of Growth: This is the first and the foremost problem in marketing strategy. High value sources of growth should be effectively targeted for any successful business (Hallbck Gabrielsson, 2013). If a company chooses the wrong target or of lesser value target, it eventually lowers the overall growth and potential of return-on-investment. ii) Dealing with Bulk Data: This is the second important problem in marketing strategy. The organizations have to collect bulk amount of data about the market for understanding their position in the market. Any type of wrong data entry can backfire their plan and their strategy would fail. iii) Slower Process of Data Analysis: Pappas, 2016 state that, the third important problem in the marketing strategy is the slower process of data analysis. The world is progressing with excess speed and every organization should know about their strengths and weaknesses with respect to analysis of data. If the process of analyzing data is slower than usual, there is a high chance that the marketing strategy would be a major failure. iv) Utilizing Insight for Shaping Strategies: The data orientation in any particular organization might reach to a high level. However, in comparison to that data, the insight might not reach to its height. New and better customers insights are highly recommendable for any marketing company. v) Decision Making: According to Hallbck Gabrielsson, 2013, this is again one of the most significant factors in the marketing strategies of any particular organization. The company should undertake the perfect decision for their business so that there exists no loophole in the undertaken strategy. Moreover, the company for gaining advantages that are more competitive as well as profit should properly execute this strategy. There are various reasons for problems in decision making in any organization (Pappas, 2016). The most significant reasons for the decision-making problem mainly include impulsiveness, risk avoidance, ignorance, halo effect, one solution threat, no follow-ups, no delegation and many more. Big Data Analytics Big data analytics is the procedure of examination of all types of varied and large sets of data or big data for uncovering any hidden pattern, preferences of customers, unknown correlations and any kind of important information (Kambatla et al., 2014). This type of analytics eventually helps the organizations in taking any type of decision. The entire concept of big data is utilized for capturing data, which are streamed into the businesses. The most significant advantages of this big data analytics is the speed and efficient. It is extremely efficient and could be easily utilized by any organization (Gandomi Haider, 2015). The most important advantages of big data analytics in an organization are as follows: i) Implementation of new Strategies: This is the most important advantage of big data analytics in a business. It helps to implement new strategies by reducing the overall complexities of data analysis. ii) Analyzing Data without Errors: As per Waller Fawcett, 2013, the data could be easily analyzed with the help of big data analytics and this could be done without errors within it. iii) Cost Effective: The third advantage of big data analytics is that it is extremely cost effective (Kwon, Lee Shin, 2014). It does not incur huge cost and could be easily afforded by all organizations irrespective of its size. iv) Better Sales Insights: Big data analytics is also responsible for bringing better sales insights within the organization. v) Easy Fraud Detection: Frauds could be easily detected and prevented with the help of big data analytics (Loebbecke Picot, 2015). These advantages has made big data analytics extremely popular and acceptable by all. Solutions to the Problems of Marketing Strategy Big data analytics can be easily termed as the significant game changer for the marketers. In todays world, the entire marketing industry is solely driven by data. Any type of erroneous or wrong data could lead a company to major losses (Moniruzzaman Hossain, 2013). The problems with the marketing strategy and the decision making about those strategies could be easily and efficiently resolved by big data analytics. According to Demirkan Delen, 2013, the probable solutions to any type of problems in marketing strategies and decision making about those strategies by big data analytics are given below: i) Conversion Optimization: This is one of the significant ways to solve the problem of marketing strategy in an organization (George, Haas Pentland, 2014). Big data analytics help the marketers to draw the statistics of their business. According to the big data analytics, 48% of the total data belongs to customer analytics, 21% to the operational analytics, 12% to fraud and compliance, 10% to new product and service innovation and the final 10% to the enterprise data warehouse optimization (Gandomi Haider, 2015). ii) Collection of Data: The big data analytics allows the organizations to collect, as much data is possible for their business (Power, 2014). There is no such restriction regarding the amount of data. The organization can collect huge amount of data and big data analytics could easily examine and analyze them. iii) Properly Timed Content: The third important solution to the problem of marketing strategy is the properly timed content (Duan Xiong, 2015). The timing and content are evenly distributed by big data analytics. For example, the email marketing platform of an organization eventually optimizes and sends time based peak activities. This is completely based on big data (Moniruzzaman Hossain, 2013). Due to even distribution of time and content, decisions could be easily taken by the organization. iv) Follows structured Analysis: There are few distinct steps in big data analytics and by following these steps, the marketers could take their decision easily (Kwon, Lee Shin, 2014). The steps in big data analytics include: a) Defining of the Problem b) Researching c) Mind mapping and Sketching d) Feedback e) Creating Digital Design f) Feedback g) Finalizing These above mentioned steps would be useful for the marketers to undertake any decision regarding marketing strategies. Implications of the Solutions These above mentioned solutions would definitely reduce the overall complexity of the problems of marketing strategy (George, Haas Pentland, 2014). Moreover, the marketers could easily take the decisions about those strategies. However, often big data analytics could also be a major threat for the organization. The main problem with this analytics is that it deals with huge amount of data and if there is any problem in the data, the entire data set would crash. Future Research Areas As per Waller Fawcett, 2013, this literature analysis suggests various areas of future work. The first significant are would be machine learning. This would be undertaking the entire world of big data analytics. The next important factor would be that the businesses would be buying algorithms, instead of software (Power, 2014). The cost effectiveness might not long last and big data analytics might be costly in future. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, big data analytics is the method for analyzing big data or large set of sets to help in any type of difficult and information related decision-taking situations. The marketing strategy in any particular business is the long term and forward looking approach to plan all the significant goals and objectives in a business. Often the marketers face problem in deciding the right strategy. Big data analytics plays the most significant role in this type of situation. It helps to reduce the complexity of evaluating the marketing strategies and thus make the organization successful. The above literature analysis as clearly depicted the problem of big data analytics and how this influences the marketing strategy as well as decision-making strategy. The problem statement, approach, and the literature analysis are properly given here. References Demirkan, H., Delen, D. (2013). Leveraging the capabilities of service-oriented decision support systems: Putting analytics and big data in cloud.Decision Support Systems,55(1), 412-421. Duan, L., Xiong, Y. (2015). Big data analytics and business analytics.Journal of Management Analytics,2(1), 1-21. Gandomi, A., Haider, M. (2015). Beyond the hype: Big data concepts, methods, and analytics.International Journal of Information Management,35(2), 137-144. George, G., Haas, M. R., Pentland, A. (2014). Big data and management.Academy of management Journal,57(2), 321-326. Hallbck, J., Gabrielsson, P. (2013). Entrepreneurial marketing strategies during the growth of international new ventures originating in small and open economies.International Business Review,22(6), 1008-1020. Kambatla, K., Kollias, G., Kumar, V., Grama, A. (2014). Trends in big data analytics.Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing,74(7), 2561-2573. Kwon, O., Lee, N., Shin, B. (2014). Data quality management, data usage experience and acquisition intention of big data analytics.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), 387-394. Loebbecke, C., Picot, A. (2015). Reflections on societal and business model transformation arising from digitization and big data analytics: A research agenda.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,24(3), 149-157. Moniruzzaman, A. B. M., Hossain, S. A. (2013). Nosql database: New era of databases for big data analytics-classification, characteristics and comparison.arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.0191. Pappas, N. (2016). Marketing strategies, perceived risks, and consumer trust in online buying behaviour.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,29, 92-103. Power, D. J. (2014). Using Big Datafor analytics and decision support.Journal of Decision Systems,23(2), 222-228. Waller, M. A., Fawcett, S. E. (2013). Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management.Journal of Business Logistics,34(2), 77-84.

By 1932 the collapse of Weimars had become inevi Essay Example For Students

By 1932 the collapse of Weimars had become inevi Essay table, Hitlers triumph had not DiscussWithout wanting to delve into the What if? school of history, the debate about Weimars failure can become a vague one since there is so much known about the period and so many factors which could have effected the outcome of Weimars history. Some argue its collapse was inevitable in 1919 others go right up to 1933, but what is not certain was Hitlers triumphI would argue that after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles the collapse of Weimar was almost inevitable. From the very beginning it was extremely hindered economically by the treaty, and this caused problems with inflation, industry, employment and the economy all-round throughout the 1920s. The people were humiliated by the terms, for instance the war guilt clause and the allied powers (the much hated victors) seemed to have overall say in what Weimar was to do and be. The Germans lacked a democratic background and the most likely revolution after the war should have probably involved a dictator of some sort. For want of evidence one can look at the outcome of Russia (and maybe Italy) after the war. Britain and France had quite a strong base of democracy but still just survived the onslaught of political extremism, although France even wavered slightly. After a war emotions are paramount and people arent as rational as they normally are. Democracy isnt a stable form of government at the best of times and so demands some sort of rational response from the people if it is too survive. Even from the very beginning Weimar was subject to attacks from both extremist sides without being given a chance to prove itself. When it did try to prove itself it failed-how extreme would the people feel then? Some may argue that throughout the mid 20s Weimar looked as if it would survive, however the signs of improvement were illusions and most people detested the governments foreign policy (Young plan, Dawes Plan, League of Nations etc.) as further compromise with the creators of the Diktat. The 1929 Depression seemed to be the final shove for Weimar democracy after years of ambiguous and often incompetent governing by a system that was widely hated before it even started . The effects were devastating to the world at that time and the world of the future. But in Germany where we focus our intentions the impact was huge. The 1923 inflation was bearable as there was still enough food and people had something to do (to an extent) but 1929 was far worse. The middle class were wiped out and proletarianised, this turned them into a revolutionary force, and the nature of their bourgeoisie background would make them fearful of the communists (associated with the ruthless Bolsheviks) and inevitably they would turn to the right, usually the Nazis. But one must bear in mind that everyone was effected from farmers to industrialists, and so the number of discontents grew dramatically. One could go on forever about the impact of the depression but the important fact to the suffering German people was that this was the fault of the Weimar democracy, after all, this had never happened under the Kaiserreich and even more importantly fascist Italy had weathered the storm very well. So much was the impact of the slump that being a revolutionary became the largest occupation next to being unemployed (many of whom joined private armies for something to do ie:the SA) Surely evidence that Hitlers triumph was becoming more inevitable before 1932. .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa , .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .postImageUrl , .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa , .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa:hover , .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa:visited , .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa:active { border:0!important; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa:active , .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u46dd20a3effb1ef790147c6d1827e0aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Growing Up Without a Mother EssayThe inevitable failure of democracy was also becoming vividly clear. Financing unemployment caused bitter wrangling among the parties. The numbers of those without work rose; but the revenue to finance relief for the jobless was shrinking. The parties of the workers clamoured for relief payments to be kept up; the parties representing employers interests said payments must be cut. Thus the depression wedged the parties further apart revealing the party-ridden and ineffective nature of the Weimar parliamentary system at the very time when there was a great need for a strong united government. The slump polarised the parties and allowed the n azis to become more powerful. The economic and political crisis which occurred after 1929, and the inadequacy of Hindenburg had provided the nazis with the opportunity to gain power; and Hitler himself had shown considerable skill in political manoeuvring in these crucial years. But the foundations of Hitlers triumph were arguably laid down earlier. Once it used to be considered that, in the four years or so after the Putsch, at a time of relative prosperity, the nazis were some what of an ineffectual fringe group. Modern historians now think otherwise. Real progress was being made, although the party often grew slowly. The nazis, unlike other political groups, were on an exponential learning curve concerning how to win over people by whatever means (it is not necessary to explain the hows.) Hitler was preparing his movement in a way so that it was able to exploit the next disaster, this came in 1929, so it is arguable that by 1932 his triumph was inevitable. Throughout the 1920s the nazi party had built up a ded icated leadership and a fanatical organisation, and the liberalism of the Weimar republic enabled the Nazi party to achieve publicity, both for its programme and for its often violent defence of alleged German interests against the enemy. The strength of the nazi programme was it was vague enough to be flexible. By 1932 it was everything to every man and such was the organisation and support it had that it was inevitable, no matter what some leading politicians thought, that the nazis and Hitler were at least bound to achieve some position of power, their strength was too great. It is even arguable that Weimars, or at least its spirit, had collapsed by 1930 when the Article 48 became an everyday rather than emergency clause under the Old Gang of Hindenburg and his companions. When Bruing became chancellor he had barely any support from the reichstag and was forced to rule by presidential decree, thus acting as a bridge towards nazi totalitarianism. These actions arguably paved the way for Hitler. One fact that must not be ignored is the fact that by September 1930 the Nazi vote totalled 6.4 million and then by July 1932 it was 13.7 million -38% of the reichstag vote. The nazis had swallowed up the vote of the splintered right wing parties, something no party on the left managed to do. People began to say and think a strong man is needed to clean up the place. The parliamentary process seemed unable to provide such a leader. The government continued to slip into chaos. There appeared to be no alternative to Hitler or communism. Communism had no appeal to any class apart from the proletariat and was feared by every other. It lacked any strong leadership, organisation or appeal. Hitler had this in abundance, he was therefore the obvious choice, his triumph was inevitable. It could be argued that had Hindenburg not appointed Hitler as chancellor he would have never got the chance. However I believe that the Old Gang would continue to fail and raise more tensions (evidence of their incompetence is their gross underestimation of Hitler), Hitlers mass support demanded recognition and his party was very unlikely to be suppressed especially due to their size and the favour the armed forces showed towards it. Although not desirable to Hitler an armed coup was not out of the question, the SA numbered at least 300,000 and the army only 100,000! However it is doubtful that although Hitler could probably gain power by force he would find it difficult to consolidate. He would not be able to gradually introduce laws etc to achieve his aims legally and some sort of civil war would insue, so it would be hard to see if a triumph by force would be the same as his actual triumph by law. .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 , .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .postImageUrl , .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 , .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72:hover , .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72:visited , .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72:active { border:0!important; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72:active , .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72 .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4e2c37fb7d17a5c676a5ec1c51fbbd72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Happiness of Others EssayConcluding it is possible to see the inevitable fall of the Weimar republic but more difficult to see Hitlers inevitable triumph. However when observed the facts clearly show that even before the failures of the upper stratum of the government between 1930-33 that Hilter was inevitably going to triumph at some stage. He was a much more astute and intelligent politician than any other and before 1932 had prepared himself to take advantage of any trouble the government may have had or any opportunity it gave him, which due to his large following was bound to come within the early thirties if not 1933. The nazis played on the Governments failures far more than any other party and this policy was likely to prove successful as by 1932 things did not seem to be getting better concerning the way things were being governed. Yes, it could be argued that it was a sort of autocratic system that the people wanted, but it was not the autocrat the people wanted. Like Stresseman in the 1920s it was doomed to fail because in a time of extreme moods it was too compromising. Hilter wasnt compromising , he was a man of action, something that was bound to be a strength over the bumbling Weimar system. If it was inevitable that Weimarr was to collapse then it was inevitable that something had to fill its place. That thing had to be stronger, more attractive and understandable to the German people. That thing was Hitler.

Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment An Overview of the Recent Progress and the Current Challenges in Treating Autism in Children

In the given paper, the issue of psychological disorders is being addressed in reference to the ideas expressed in Chapter 11 â€Å"Psychological Disorders† in Carole Wade and Carol Tavris’s Invitation to Psychology (5th Ed.).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment: An Overview of the Recent Progress and the Current Challenges in Treating Autism in Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Section I Textbook References: Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment Chapter 1 What Is Psychology, Court Finds no Evidence in Linking Vaccine to Autism, MMR vaccine, 2. Chapter 1. What Is Psychology, Avoid Emotional Reasoning, autistic children, vaccination, 3, 15, 16. Chapter 1. What Is Psychology, Cautions about Correlations, vaccines, 23. Chapter 3. Development over the Life Span, From Conception through the First Year, Prenatal Development, bipolar, 74. Chapt er 9. Learning and Conditioning, Operant Conditioning in Real Life, social and language skills, 316.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chapter 11, Psychological Disorders, Use of Dogs for Vets with PTSD Is Growing, therapy for children with autism, 404. Chapter 11 Psychological Disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, antisocial/psychopathic personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder, autism, 402– ­404. Chapter 12, Approaches to Treatment and Therapy, Biological Treatments for Mental Disorders, antipsychotic drugs, neuroleptics, nonpsychotic disorders, depression, behavioral problems, problems of biological origins, attention deficit disorder, 406 ­426. Section II Discussion: Psychological Disorders as They Are Seen Today: A Current Research Analysis Both the book and the article in question provide an extensive amount of information concerning psycho logical disorders, such as autism in both children and adults. However, there are still considerable differences concerning the way in which the material in each of the sources is represented. First and foremost, it is necessary to mention that, unlike the book, the article offers a large variety of factors that might enhance the development of autism in children: â€Å"But while research is focusing very heavily on the genetic basis for autism, we have not yet identified either the specific genetic sites or the mechanisms of effect† (Schreibman para.1). The book, on the contrary, offers little to no explanations as for where autism comes from, stating only that it has â€Å"biological origins† (Wade and Tavris 423). In addition, while the book states that there are skill-training programs that can possibly help â€Å"autistic children how to behave appropriately† (Wade and Tavris 414), Schreibman states clearly that there is no cure for autism at present: †Å"Unfortunately, we have no cure for autism† (Schreibman para.4).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment: An Overview of the Recent Progress and the Current Challenges in Treating Autism in Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is worth mentioning that the book and the article have number of common points concerning the issue of autism. For example, both the book and the article outline the key problems that the autistic children have, starting from the basic learning process and up to more complex social relationship issues. In addition, it is noteworthy that the article, as well as the book, recognizes autism as a psychological disorder, even though the existence of the problem of autism has been questioned for quite long; according to some of the sources, children with autistic syndrome only have a different mindset. The given sources, howeve r, prove this idea wrong. Conclusion: There Is Still Much to be Done Judging by the evidence provided in the article, the line between a psychological disorder and a peculiarity of a child’s development has not been drawn clearly yet. Blurring the line between a mental dysfunction and specifics of a child’s development, such phenomena as autism and ADHD pose a number of questions to the modern medicine; among the most crucial ones is the question concerning addressing the given disorders. Learning the ways to approach autistic children and the children with ADHD as the patients that need a unique method of acquiring new skills, one can possibly develop the program that will allow the children with ADHD or an Asperger’s syndrome integrate into a modern society successfully, which the given book chapter and an independent research show. Works Cited Schreibman, Laura, 2012, 25 April. Individualized Treatments Are Future of Autism Therapies, According to Psychologis t. Web. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2012/04/autism-therapies. Carole Wade and Carol Tavris, Invitation to Psychology. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2012. Print. This research paper on Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment: An Overview of the Recent Progress and the Current Challenges in Treating Autism in Children was written and submitted by user Maddox K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS Essay Example For Students

The Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS Essay Table of ContentsBrief history of AIDS and the criminalization of knowinglytransmitting it3Interviews concerning the issue.4Reasons for the criminalization of knowingly transmittingAIDS..5Reasons against the criminalization of knowinglytransmitting AIDS.7My position and conclusion8Brief History of AIDS and the Criminalizationof Knowingly Transmitting It Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the HumanImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus was discoverd independently inFrance in 1983 and in the United States in 1984. In the United States, itwas initially identified in 1981. In 1986, a second virus, now calledHIV-2, was also discovered in Africa. HIV-2 also causes AIDS. AIDS is transmitted in three ways: From sexual contact withoutprotection, from the mixing of ones blood with infected blood, and from aninfected pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection can occur from bloodtransfusions of infected blood, or sharing dirty needles. (Needlesalready used, in this case, by a HIV positive person.) The criminalization of intentionally spreading AIDS has been a bigissue recently, and still remains so. As of September, 1991, legislationcriminalizing AIDS transmission has been passed in 24 states. Among thesestates are California, Idaho, Ohio, Missouri, Michigan, and South Carolina. We will write a custom essay on The Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Under these current laws, it is a crime to knowingly transmit the virusthrough sex, sharing needles, donating infected blood, organs, or skintissue. The first person to go to court under these laws in Michigan wasJeffrey Hanlon. Hanlon was a gay man who infected another man fromMichigan while he was in New York. The American Civil Liberties Union, whoagreed to take the case, agrued that the AIDS disclosure law isunconstitutional. Privacy of those with AIDS is what they were worriedabout. Opponents argued that theyre those with AIDS killing people. Its like rape. The maximum sentence Hanlon could have recieved was fouryears in prison and a $2000 fine. In addition, under the current New York State law, which dates backwell before June, 1987, the knowing transmission of a venerial disease is afelony. However, at that time, and currently, AIDS was not classified as avenerial disease. Interviews Concerning the Issue Most people believe that the willful transmission of AIDS to others itvirtually murder. I have interviewed **name** and **name**. Both of themfeel that intentionally passing AIDS on to another person is murder. Therecipient of the virus will, in almost every case, die rather quickly of anAIDS related disease. **name** feels that if someone knowingly transmits AIDS to anotherperson, its like committing murder. He or she should be punished to thefull extent of the law. In addition to personal interviews, I have found the opinions ofGovernor Cuomo and former President Ronald Reagan. On June 1, 1987, Cuomo revealed that state lawmakers would considermaking the transmission of AIDS a crime. He was quoted at the time assaying: If you know you have AIDS and you pass it on to someone who is notaware, that should be regarded as a very serious offense. Im not talkingabout sins and morality; Im talking about a sin against the community, acrime. We should look into that. However, nothing was proposed at thetime. Former President Ronald Reagan called for routine AIDS testing ofprisoners, marriage license applicants, immigrants, and possibly somehospital patients. His purpose was only to identify carriers of thedisease; no comment concerning the criminalization of the transmission ofAIDS was made. Reasons for the Criminalization ofKnowingly Transmitting AIDS There are not many reasons for the criminalization of knowinglytransmitting AIDS. However, they are very convincing arguments. .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f , .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .postImageUrl , .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f , .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f:hover , .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f:visited , .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f:active { border:0!important; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f:active , .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71b83aafd2032d4a7de10c6248ccb96f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Procter and Gamble in Japan Essay The first and one of the most convincing arguments is because it willhelp stop the propogation of the virus. Ideally, if people know that it isa crime to transmit the virus, then they will not. The only way that AIDSwill remain an epidemic is if it is continually spread. This is becausethose with AIDS will in most cases die rather quickly of an AIDS relateddisease. If they do not spread it, then the number of people with thevirus will decline steadily without fail. Another reason is that someone who is intentionally transmitting thedisease is doing it for their own satisfaction and/or to hurt others. Suchis the case with a drug pusher. Many magazine articles have made referenceto the analogy a drug pusher is the same as an AIDS pusher. Theirargument is that if drug pushers are treated as if they commit criminalacts, then so should the supposed AIDS pushers. The Constitutional argument involoved is also a moral one. Bytransmitting the virus willingly one is usurping on others rights to lifeand happiness. It is also seen as wrong by the public. In effect, it ismurder in the second or third degree. If it is done intentionally, it ismurder in the first degree. Obviously this should be illegal and those whobreak the proposed laws should be prosecuted as if they committed a crime. Another reason to criminalize the transmission of AIDS is because themoney from fines incurred may be put towards research and development ofcures, as well as education and prevention programs. This will help stopthe problem and also speed up the process of finding a cure or immunizationfor AIDS. Reasons Against the Criminalization ofKnowingly Transmitting AIDS There are many more reasons against the criminalization of willinglytransmitting AIDS to others. However, these are based not on morals but onfacts and practicality. Criminalizing AIDS would divert millions of dollars to legal fees thatcould be better spent on AIDS programs such as prevention, education, andresearch and development in terms of finding a cure. Criminalization is ashort cut taken when not enough energy is given to prevention. Instead ofhelping erradicate the epidemic, criminalization would instill more fearamong the people living with HIV. It would create a witch huntatmosphere, stated William Ramirz, an attorney for a HIV positive client. Criminalizing AIDS transmission would open doors for people to knowinglyaccuse others they know that have it just to get rid of them. The law would also be practically impossible to enforce. In somecases, intent would have to be proven. However, it is usually impossibleto prove intent since it is not possible to go inside the minds of othersto know what they were thinking in their moment of passion, whether it beintercourse or drug use. Even the United States Health Department opposes criminalization. Theyfear that it would scare people from reporting that they have AIDS. Thisis because those that do report it may be accused of committing a crimesometime in the future. My Position and Conclusion I have mixed feelings on whether or not the transmission of AIDS shouldbe a criminal act. I feel that it is morally wrong, and in effect, thosewho do it are committing murder. There is definitely a valid argumentthere. However, due to the validity of the arguments against thecriminalization of passing AIDS on to others, I am partial to both sides. I agree that it would divert millions of dollars that could be put tobetter use in research and other programs. I also agree that it would belegally and scientifically impossible to prove intent. .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 , .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .postImageUrl , .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 , .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38:hover , .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38:visited , .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38:active { border:0!important; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38:active , .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38 .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7214d07d2570e0d6cf02887c44f8a38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on The Presidential Election : Barack Obama And Obama Essay I feel that because of these conflicting ideas that I believe, the bestway to resolve the issue would be to make transmitting the virus a criminalact, but not subject to jail time. Instead of wasting the taxpayers moneyon giving free medical care and room and board to inmates, it should be puttowards finding a cure for AIDS. Instead of a jail term, those whotransmit the disease should be fined very heavily so as to discourage themfrom repeating the offense. The money accrued from the fine should then beused for research and other related programs, including helping those thatare infected. All in all, AIDS is an epidemic that is a part of the nineties. It isscary, but it must be dealt with. If the proper precautions are taken,then eventually it will be taken care of in the right way. However, therewill unfortunately always be those that have malice towards society andinsist upon spreading their pain and suffering.

Sports and Million Dollar Baby Essay Example

Sports and Million Dollar Baby Essay Million Dollar Baby is a sports movie fused with drama and a dash romance with a running time of two hours and twelve minutes and its characters and the events that unfold are based on a true story. The movie tells the story of Frankie Dunn, an aging boxing trainer who happens to be a veteran in the sport and has committed the entirety of his life to the game but with very little to show for his work. Enters Maggie Fitzgerald who walks into Frankie’s gym and asks him to train her but Frankie is skeptical about the matter because he does not rank female boxing highly and he considered her too old at the age of 31 especially without neither experience nor technique to fight in the ring. Frankie also bears great guilt from back in the day when he was training his best friend and most loyal employee who suffered an eye injury that ruled him out of the sport. But Maggie would persist until Frankie accepts to train her and she develops into a strong fighter racking up win after win and a strong emotional bond is formed between the two who are also having off the ring complications with their families. Frankie’s daughter never responds to his frequent letters, his gym is facing closure by the bank and a fighter he was training signs up with a different manager as soon as he gets hot leaving Frankie out to dry. Maggie tries to form a relationship with her mother and sister but their only concern with Maggie is the money that she is making as a boxer and how much of that they could solicit from her after an unfortunate tragedy that she eventually succumbed to in hospital occurred during what would be her final boxing match. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports and Million Dollar Baby specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sports and Million Dollar Baby specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sports and Million Dollar Baby specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sports is an integral part of the American culture and can be classified as high culture held strongly by its people. As a country, America is rich in history and this history is synonymous with sports as well. What might have begun a hundred years ago as players on a dusty field tossing a ball has rapidly evolved in

Was The New Deal Effective free essay sample

It is often said that desperate times call for desperate measures, and when President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, Americans were willing to try anything. In 1929 the stock market crashed and sent the country into what is known as the Great Depression. The effects were devastating in this prolonged economic crisis; people lost their jobs, many lost homes due to foreclosure, and millions were forced into poverty and starvation. Roosevelt responded to the crisis with the New Deal legislation and programs with the intention to provide immediate economic relief, leading to recovery and reform. Even though it can be argued that the New Deal was a failure because it did not completely end the Depression, it was still effective in restoring America’s confidence and getting people involved to contribute during hard times. When Roosevelt took office, he demanded government action. Leaving the nation to work out its problems on its own would just be unacceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Was The New Deal Effective? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A key element in Roosevelt’s New Deal was agencies to create employment by carrying out public works. The largest public works project was the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which employed more than eight million people from 1935-1943. The purpose of the WPA was to provide people with jobs until the economy recovered from the Great Depression. A huge number of roads, buildings, schools, hospitals, and other public works were built. Roosevelt’s efforts changed the leadership tone, and inspired those in despair. Millions of people earned a living wage and self-respect, as they were able to contribute during the hard time because of the New Deal. Even though the New Deal did not solve the problem of unemployment completely, it simply made it not as bad. The New Deal represented leadership that was active and positive. After the Great Depression, people were clueless as to what to do. America had lost its confidence. Therefore when Roosevelt initiated the New Deal, he got people moving again and working to contribute to overcome hard times. Roosevelt showed himself as the leader of the government whose job was to make sure people had a roof over their heads and food to eat and that he would do his best to get people working and making money again. This made People see that the government has a role to play in people’s lives beyond national security, and showed that during time of economic turmoil they can look to the government for guidance (Leonard). After Roosevelt, there has always been controversy over how involved government should be in American’s lives. The New Deal did not in fact end the Great Depression like Roosevelt had hoped it would. This is the main reason why most people argue that the New Deal was a failure. Many say that the New Deal actually prolonged the Depression and made things worse than they would have been had no effort been made (Cole, Ohanian). Ones who attack the New Deal also claim the policies were short-term policies and that there was no long-term planning for the future (Shlaes). The New Deal changed the role of government today to be more involved in people’s lives. Roosevelt increased the President’s power. Those who disagree with the New Deal argue that it brought too much government intervention into the economy and people’s lives. Roosevelt’s New Deal may not have ended the Great Depression completely, but it did solve many problems and it instilled confidence in Americans to do something rather than just sit there and panic when trouble arises. It shows us today what bold leadership can actually accomplish in hard economic times (Brechin). Many people argue if the New Deal was effective or not, but it depends on how they define effective. Was the New Deal effective in eliminating unemployment? No. But it was effective in showing Americans what leadership and bravery can do even through today’s unexpected obstacles. This one may argue, is one of the most important long-lasting effects.

Cs essays

Chinese Rejection of L/Cs essays The financing of trade transactions in China is relatively straightforward following international practice regarding letters of credit (L/Cs). In China the main attraction of L/Cs is that they guarantee payment and receipt of title from an independent party (a bank), as long as commercial and shipping documents are presented in accordance with the L/C, regardless of the underlying contract. What makes L/C use unique in the PRC is that the government does not allow foreign banks to confirm L/Cs issued by domestic banks, a practice common overseas. Normally, the confirming bank assumes the responsibility to pay on the issuing bank's behalf. This is quite valuable when the transaction is on the riskier side. Today, the Agricultural Bank of China and Everbright Bank of China are willing to issue (open) confirmation L/Cs on behalf of other smaller Chinese banks. A single bank, the Bank of China, is often the only option for Chinese companies who desire a L/C, because the other banks, in cluding the big four commercial banks are often not very conversant with international trade practices, international banking and transaction. This gives the Bank of China a monotony type control over the L/C process and leads to very strict control as they get thousands of L/Cs. Chinese contracts may contain a clause stating that payment will be made only after clearing Customs. This puts the foreign seller in a precarious position as even the smallest discrepancy may cause delay in customs clearance and thus delay payment. These types of delays are not uncommon. For example if market price has dropped, the buyer may simply refuse to begin customs clearance or find a trivial technical excuse to avoid paying for the goods. Therefore the contract should be appropriately worded. To avoid these types of problems one should screen the trade partners carefully. A number of consulting firms are present who assist in verifying the legitimacy of trade partn...

Lincolns Journey to Emancipation essays

Lincolns Journey to Emancipation essays Lincolns Journey to Emancipation He comes to us in the mists of legend as a kind of homespun Socrates, brimming with prarie wit and folk wisdom. There is a counterlegend of Lincoln, one shared ironically enough by many white Southerners and certain black Americans of our time. Neither of these views, of course, reveals much about the man who really livedlegend and political As a man, Lincoln was complex, many-sided, and richly human. He was an intense, brooding person, he was plagued with chronic depression most of his life. At the time he even doubted his ability to please or even care about his wife. Lincoln remained a moody, melancholy man, given to long introspection about things like death and mortality. Preoccupied with death, he was also afraid to insanity. Lincoln was a teetotaler because liquor left him flabby and undone, blurring his mind and threatening his self-control. One side of Lincoln was always Supremely logical and analytical, he was intrigued by the clarity of mathematics. As a self-made man, Lincoln felt embarrassed about his log-cabin origins and never liked to talk about them. By the 1850s, Lincoln was one of the most sought after attorney in Illinois, with a reputation as a lawyers lawyer. Though a man of status and influence, Lincoln was as honest in real life as in legend. Politically, Lincoln was always a nationalist in outlook , an outlook that began when he was an Indiana farm boy tilling his farther mundane wheat field. Lincoln always maintained that he had always hated human bondage, as much as any abolitionist. He realized how wrong it was that slavery should exist at all in a self-proclaimed free Republic. He opposed slavery, too, because he had witnessed some of its evils firsthand. What could be done? So went Lincolns argument before 1854. To solve the ensuing problem of racial adjustment, Lincoln ins...

Theater of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theater of war - Essay Example Today, there is war in countries like Iraq and Afghanistan. A lot of American soldiers are constantly being sent in this war zones. When you think about the families of these soldiers, they are anxiously waiting for their children to return (Buruma 6). Wars have always resulted to death and sorrow in families and leave many people worry. In the movie, we see the mother worried sick about her son who has gone to war. It is a very moving since every mother understands the value of having a son. Wars have always been in place and resulted to too many disasters as innocent people die. In relation to the movie, the mother mentioned in the book is a representation of love. Mothers are usually lovely and soothing to their children and always want good things. In the movie, mothers are likened to real mothers in life. In life, most mothers are caring and love seeing good things happening to their families. My mother for example can be likened to the mother in the story since she is loving an d caring to me. Whenever any person in the family gets sick or gets involved in an accident, she is always concerned (Buruma 6). From the star of time, mothers have always cared for the young ones. Soldiers in this movie are expressed as heartless on carrying out some of their duties. Living in these times, such can be correlated to mass murders carried out by certain leaders. A good example could be Muamar Gaddafi, ex-president of Libya, who after being evicted from power, revolted widely and resulted to mass murder of people. The storyline depicts heartless people to be existent in the war area, but such people still exist in these current times. I would also like to recommend this movie to be viewed at our local theater since it has a good message to the viewers. To me, I think it would be an eye opener to the people concerning the reality of wars. In addition, certain virtues could be learnt from them movie and even borrowed by other people (Buruma 6). The movie can be viewed by all groups of people since it does not contain explicit details. The English of the narrator is good and employs good narration skills of the events ensuring that the documentary is understood clearly. Furthermore, by it being played in the local theater, it would encourage community cohesion. I would like this play to be viewed by our community because I believe it is beneficial and inspiring as the truth about wars is unveiled. In addition, different characters express characteristics of people in the society and some people might learn from it. From my own perspective, the movie is good and should be watched by as much people as possible since they will be able to learn about the evils of war and try never to indulge in it (Buruma 6). War like people in the community could learn the repercussions of war and calm down. In addition, the movie would help to strengthen familial ties since people would appreciate the importance of family in times of crisis. In addition, a lot of grue some scenes which the writer talks about are not shown hence becoming a good movie for all ages to see. Furthermore, the community members would be fascinated by viewing the movie as it has good teachings. In summary, this movie is a good documentary movie on wars and a great eye opener on real issues that occur and surround wars. Many life lessons are also learnt from the movie as

Analysis of the nevada constitution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis of the nevada constitution - Term Paper Example The state has its own designated political powers just as the federal U.S. government, which allows them to monitor each others performance in the state, for the sake of the state’s operations and in defense of the public will. Along the past century, the state has adjusted some of its policies, hence affecting the political, governance, and the judicial system in various ways. However, looking critically at Nevada’s and USA constitution, there are similarities and differences in practical application of the policies and operations, especially those related to democracy and supreme powers in the judicial system, executive, and legislative arms. 2. Powers of Nevada’s governor compared to the president The governors in Nevada are elected and given responsibilities to perform in the state for a four year term. Article 5, sections 1 and 2 of Nevada constitution law provides that the governor be elected by qualified electors, while voting for members of the legislatur e and once in office, takes the supreme executive power of Nevada state vested on him or her as chief magistrate (â€Å"The constitution of ,† leg.state.nv.us). Looking at the executive and administrative powers, the president of the national system of governments has of course more power than the Nevada governor. However, in consideration of the Nevada’s constitution, the governor may enjoy certain legislative advantages that the president could be restricted from, by the congress and the state constitution. According to Driggs, the first benefit as enacted by the Nevada law is that once the legislature passes a law, the governor alone is responsible to ensure they are executed without interference from Congress or national chief executive; again, the state’s constitution states that the governor has the power to convene the legislature, hence associated with more control over a special session, which they may call to the attention of the legislature while in s ession, limiting the president control and the influence he or she can cause on the congressional affairs in a session (98). It does not mean the president has no power to call a special session, but is limited from interference of the business the congress is handling at the time in a session. The governors are held accountable to uphold the state’s law, but they also have powers sign into law, the bills passed by the state legislature. However, certain bills have remained unapproved and others can become law without the governor’s signature, especially when the legislature can override the veto. In Nevada, the governor has options of either vetoing bills, signing them, or doing nothing (an option that makes them pass into law without his or her signature); if the governor vetoes a law and its taken back to the house, the elected members of each house have the law either approved by overriding the veto by accumulating two thirds of each house vote or have the veto sus tained (Legislative Counsel Bureau, leg.state.nv.us). Similarly, just like the Nevada governors, the president has constitutional rights to sign, veto, or do nothing as a response to a bill passed by the congress. In case of vetoing, the congress can enact it into law by raising two thirds of majority votes in the two chambers to override the veto, or the bill dies, if the congress suspends it before ten days completion after the passage of the bill (CQ

M.K. Ghandi The story of my experiment with truth Essay - 1

M.K. Ghandi The story of my experiment with truth - Essay Example As a consequence, ever person is liable for the truth and has a responsibility that it be recognized and valued by others. The first twenty seven chapters of the book see how Gandhi’s life is molded by his circumstance and then in turn sought to mold his own destiny. From his childhood, his being part of the Banya caste, growing up in Porbandar and Rajkot and being in general under the absolute duress of his parents social and political roles (4-7). He has a great respect for elders and people in authority, considers them beyond reproach or doubt. His experience as student, particularly the incident where he said that his teacher prompted him to cheat to impress a school inspector, reading Harishchandra and watching the play Harishchandra are key points in his childhood. These laid the foundations for his future treatise on truth and society which will led him to question what in his childhood he accepted so easily including his formative schooling experience and Hindu social customs (4). Gandhi considers his life experience as a process of contemplation, self-realization and application. In conjunction with his personal and professional development within and outside his primary context, he considers these as experiments that have allowed him to define his values and prerogatives. Such as in his early experience with eating meat, his commitment to avowing this food develops from compliance by rote and enforcement, defiance by subversion, rationalization through knowledge and finally true acknowledgment and acquiescence of the practice. This will set a pattern it seems for Gandhi: evident in the succeeding chapters of the book detailing his high school, college and early professional experiences in Africa and home. His life is highlighted by time of great self-doubt, conflicting familial and social aspirations as well as

Investigate a precolonial African polity in terms of its key Research Paper

Investigate a precolonial African polity in terms of its key constituent institutions - Research Paper Example Political centralization was the key component of pre-colonial institutions. Pre-colonial African polities have been in existence in the earlier years as a broad ground for the provision archeological research of the civil compatibility and the country. Much of the twentieth century, pre-colonial African countries were misunderstood because of the outward encouragement. Archaeological research is done on these states, however, shows the native origin of the social compatibilities and the countries in Africa, putting in place valuable new ideas for the provisional research in the earlier years on the formation of a state. It tries to analyze how the archaeologists have handled the state of pre-colonial in Africa, starting with listing of the colonial-era based on the state of the country and the advancement in Africa. Then followed by showing how insights into the political processes across the continent are provided by power through a discussion of archaeologist. Major illustrations are made within wide elaborated divisions; at the end of this review, (a) Driving state formation across the continent, because of the agency of indigenous political entrepreneurs. (b) How the pre-colonial African countries political contours were well shaped through having alternatives modes of power. The countries that were in place even before the colonial rule progresses to mould its recent advancement, pre-colonial countries control is attained with the recent cross country distinction in attainment of school, literacy, roads being paved, and immunization. Most of the countries in the West Africa rejected the French settlement as they had centralized form of government. Similar parts of the west Africa were among the states that received low investments in the colonial period. The pre-colonial states in Africa had all it takes to have full control of the people instead of the land. Below are the several factors that led to this: †¢ Agriculture, this demanded a

General science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

General science - Research Paper Example The first and most apparent recognized use is as communications apparatus with people you already have a strong acquaintance. Email and instantaneous messaging has gone way past the previous adopter phase. For many enterprises, societies and families, it has become one of the prevailing forms of communication. Email is up there with the telephone, and more and more is replacing physical mail and fax. This is fascinating. It took the telephone eons to be at par with this level of acknowledgement for such routine uses. Fax never reached it for personal utilizations (Zittrain, 2009). On the other hand, the Internet has been also used as an information-collecting tool. Reports by Pew Internet Project show that over 50 percent of adult Internet consumers utilized the Internet, most probably, for job-connected research. On any given day, nearly 16 percent of Internet consumers are online doing research. Ninety-four percent of youth ages 12-17 who have Internet access claim that they utiliz e the Internet for social research. Seventy-one percent of online teenagers assert that they utilized the Internet as a key source for their current major school project or report. The History of early medium of communication Example: Printed communication (i.e. books and newspapers), television, and radio According to Wyman( 2009) written communication flourished off developing technology, such like the discovery of paper and printing press. In fact, publishing media is the oldest type of mass media. This media includes newspapers, books and magazines. The conception of books is apparently not new. It is thought that the first ever book in the world was published and printed in 863 AD in China. Although it was the first book to be officially printed, many historians assert that books had been released way before this period. On the other hand, newspapers are not as well new. They were invented during the seventeenth century in Britain and by the nineteenth century were widespread m ass media. The publishing media is currently the only source of mass communication. However, there has been considerable fall in its prominence but yet is a very essential source of mass media among the massive masses (Zittrain, 2009). Even now, radio remain a very prevailing means of communication and there are numerous kinds of radio utilized by institutions and people for the purpose of conveying information. Radio is used to send messages through signals by commonly modulation and many other means. It is characteristically utilized institutions and person who are far way from each other but need to maintain a constant communication. The idea of the television developed from the concept of being capable of see an individual while interacting with him on the phone. The social, political, and technical forces that have sustained the dominance of the medium of communication. Example: military interest, media enthusiasm and public triumphs In the communications niche, Motorola brough t about innovation. In 1983, Motorola introduced the first industrial portable cell phone, known as Motorola DynaTac 8000X phone. This as a result transformed how the world communicates. The corporation was the pioneer for radio communications. In the year 1940 Motorola grew its first handheld radio, the Handie-Talkie transferable two-way radio, designed for the United States military. This was followed by increased production of two-way

Strategic Management Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Management Business - Term Paper Example According to Bo Bennett ‘A dream becomes a goal when action is taken towards its achievement’ (Gordon Bell High School, 2012). The justification of the quote can be accomplished by none other than the personality who has given birth to the technical giants Apple. Apple inc. is a consumer electronics company which is headquartered at California, United States. The company is primarily indulged in manufacturing and marketing software, personal computers and other electronic products (Yahoo Finance, n.d.). Some of the iconic products of Apple include I-Phone, I-Pad, I-Pod and very shortly going to add I-Car to its product range (Paultan, 2012). Within a very short span of journey the company has been able to achieve the elite position in the IT industry. The case which has been selected to carry out the research is the article namely ‘Big Apple vs. Big Oil’. The case illustrates the ups and downs of the company and mentioned the staggering success of Apple in the share market. The case also highlights the reasons of Apple’s success in the market place and depicts the importance of the stake holders of the company. Moreover the case also illuminates the importance of Steve Jobs and his innovative and leadership qualities. The reason why Apple has been chosen in order to carry out the research is that the company offers tumultuous market narration. It has also witnessed economic slumps as well as path breaking success. The company is also the most noteworthy player in the digital entertainment sector with innovative outlooks for the future. Therefore it is assumed that Apple inc. will be the most suitable organization towards the completion of the study. Now the prime problem or the issue predating the company is the concerns of the health of Steve Jobs. The person is considered as the technical genius for the company and the sole personality behind every innovations portrayed by the company. Since Steve Jobs is the CEO of the Apple and with his absence the company will hugely suffer from leadership problems. However the investors of the company are gaming on the fact that the company will still pump out heavy profits. But still the question remains that will there be anyone ever who will fill Steve Job’s Shoes. The company is also comprehensively facing problem regarding the affordability of their products. The price of the products is meant for the higher income groups and thus the other section of people could not afford it. This also hampers the total sales volume of the company and ultimately lessens the revenue. Facts The chosen article i.e. ‘Big Apple vs. Big Oil’ illustrates that Apple Inc. was once on the verge of a bankruptcy but stabilizing the situation progressed towards being the market leader in IT industry. The company has also outperformed some of the biggest players of stock market. The day of 9th August will always remain momentous for the company as for a time being they have surpassed the oil giant Exxon Mobil in the context of the firms

Structural Family Therapy Is A Therapeutic Approach Psychology Essay

Structural Family Therapy Is A Therapeutic Approach Psychology Essay Structural Family Therapy is a therapeutic approach that recognizes that families possess many strengths and it attempts to move familys beyond dysfunctional patterns of interactions. Structural Family Therapy method was developed by Salvador Minuchin in the 1960s and is the leading model in family therapy and is one of the most widely used models for family therapy. Its focus is on family structure; subsystems; boundaries. Its goal is to focus on problem presented and structures displayed and improve or restructure the family structure then realign the family subsystems. The established family patterns is described by family structure and it is these patterns that determine how, why, who and when family members respond to and react with one another. The traditional family structure in the United States is considered a family support system involving two-parent household that provides provisions for their children. However, the two-parent, family has become less customary, and alternative family systems have become more common. The family is formed at birth and generations are formed. Those generations are known as the extended family or subsystems; aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins, and of these family members anyone can hold major emotional and financial roles for the family. The relationships between these people are known as subsystems, coalitions, or alliances. Each subsystem has its own rules, boundaries, and unique characteristics. Membership in subsystems can change It is these family members that join together to perform functions. The se boundaries and can be viewed on a continuum from open to closed. Every system has ways of including and excluding elements so that the line between those within the system and those outside of the system is clear to all. No family system is completely closed or completely open. Overview Structural Family Therapy employs not only a distinctive classification of terms, but is also a means of illustrating crucial family boundaries. Its emphasis is on the structure of the family, including its many substructures. Minuchin is a follower of the communication theory, which is the discipline that studies the principles of transmitting information and the methods by which it is delivered. An essential trait of Structural Family Therapy is that the family system is used as a catalyst for positive change. Every family has a structure. A familys structure is the invisible or covert set of functional demands that dictate or organize the way family members interact (Minuchin, 1974). Family dynamics is the term used for the way that families communicate and exist together. Every family has a distinct pattern of relating to one another, which can be positive or negative. Family dynamics are influenced by family structure, for example, how many children are in the family, whether one or two parents live in the home, whether or not there is a stepparent in the family, cultural background and the personalities of each member. All of these examples contribute to the influence of family dynamics. Minuchin believes families that have an open and appropriate structure recovers more quickly and functions better in the long term. Key Concepts Structural Family Therapy outlines three basic subsystems and are often organized by gender or generation. : The marital subsystem in which the couple relationship, the parental subsystem, and the sibling subsystem. Each subsystem is distinguished by the members who comprise the subsystem as well as the tasks or focus of the subsystem. In Structural Family Therapy, family rules are defined as an invisible set of functional demands that persistently organizes the interaction of the family. Coalitions, boundaries, and power hierarchies between subsystems are important rules for a counselor to study (Minuchin, S. 1974). Ann Hartman (1979) has defined the boundary of a family as that invisible line that separates what is inside the family and what is outside the family. This outside boundary defines the whole family in relation to other systems such as schools, churches, or other families, and outside individuals. The subsystems could consist, for instance, of those members who belong to the same generation (such as the children) or the same sex (the men of the family) or those who have the same interests or functions. Individuals may belong to more than one subsystem. Over a period of time, rules are developed about how the subsystems interact with each other, and who is included in the subsystems, and how each partic ipates. In other words, the kind of boundary that exists defines the relationship between and among the subsystems. According to Minuchin, understanding a family requires identifying the processes and boundaries that operate the subsystems and coalitions in that family. Minuchin defined three types of interpersonal boundaries (clear, rigid, or diffuse) that determine the overall ability of the family to adapt successfully to change: Clear boundaries around generic subsystems are ideal because they are firm yet flexible, permitting maximum adaptation to change. Rigid boundaries imply disengagement between family members or subsystems. The prevailing non-communicative hinders support and limits effective adaptation. Diffuse boundaries imply enmeshment where everyone is into everyone elses business. In this case, no one and everyone is taking charge and effective guidance during times of change is impossible. In addition to structure, substructures and external and internal boundaries, Structural Family Therapy is also based on roles, rules and power. A family is organized in terms of roles. Every family has to decide who will care for the children, who does what chores around the house, who makes decisions, and who handles the money. To function well, a family must have some clarity and agreement about these roles. Nevertheless, roles cannot be so firm and closely defined that they cannot be modified. Each member of a family plays a significant role in the family dynamics, and if a death or divorce occurs, the family structure is upset, which upsets family dynamics. People might blame one another or rely on a different family member more than before, which shifts the structure. Role organization and principles in any family are influenced by many factors culture, ethnic background, experience in the family in which one grew up, life style, and family size and composition. Over a period of time, family members develop rules about how they associate with each other and with the external environment. Many of these rules are silent contracts. There are rules about communication, such as parents never argue in front of the children. There are rules about how decisions are made, how problems are solved, and about how people are supposed to think, feel, and act. The rules are monotonous, expected, and unwavering. Families develop distinguishing ways to make decisions and to resolve conflict. All families must have ways to make decisions and to resolve conflict. In most families all members have, and need to have, a certain amount of power and influence in some areas. As Aponte (1976) has pointed out, Family members must have enough power in the family to be able to protect their personal interests in the family at all times, while keeping the well-being of the other members, and of the family as a whole, in mind. Most people think that power and decision-making is vested primarily in adult members of the family. However, there can be a great variation in how power is distributed and used in families. There are many types of boundary problems as many problems as there are families. Family systems therapists assess families for boundary problems along a spectrum, placing boundary problems between the following two extremes: Enmeshed families are entangled and it is difficult to be extricated or separated the boundaries. In enmeshed families, boundaries do not allow for individuation; they are too fluid, and have become crossed and often distorted. Boundaries are constantly crossed in numerous ways. Disengaged which means to mentally separate yourself or somebody else from a situation or difficulty. Detached describes the individual that stands on its own and is not joined to another system. Families that share little to nothing, typically overly rigid families, are described as detached. Theres little to no communication and no flexibility in family patterns to accommodate effective support and guidance. Alignment refers to the way in which family members as individuals and as parts of subsystems relate to each other relative to other family members and subsystems (Nelson Utesch, 1990. P. 237). Alignments can include either joining or opposing one member or subsystem over another (Aponte Van Deusen, 1981). A Coalition is an alignment between two people in a system which excludes a third person. According to Minuchin coalitions are short-lived. Therapeutic Interventions The structural family therapy has many therapeutic interventions such as Boundary making, Unbalancing, Joining, Enactments, Accommodating, Raising Intensity, and Reframing. Boundary making involves restructuring the family because it changes the rules within which the family functions (Colapinta, 1982). Boundary making is a restructuring maneuver because it changes the rules of the game. Unbalancing is to make something lose its balance or equilibrium. It is used create disequilibrium in the family structure which helps the systems to see their dysfunctional patterns and to be open to restructuring and/or change. Joining means to put or bring together so as to make continuous or form a unit. It is necessary for the therapist to establish this bond (Minuchin, 1974). Enactments are the act or process of enacting something. According to Minuchin and Fishman enactment constructs an interpersonal scenario in the session in which dysfunctional transactions among family members are played o ut. This technique allows the therapist to observe how family members control their actions, and to determine the problematic behavior within the sequence of transactions (Colapinta, 1982). Accommodating is a willing to please or to be helpful. Intensity is the structural method of changing maladaptive transactions by using strong affect, repeated intervention, or prolonged pressure. Intensity works best if done in a direct, unapologetic manner that is goal specific. The procedure of restructuring is at the heart of the structural approach. The goal of structural family therapy is to make the family more functional by altering the existing hierarchy and interaction patterns so that problems are not maintained. It is accomplished through the use of enactment, unbalancing, and boundary formation. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapy are the most commonly used psychotherapeutic treatments of mental disorders in adults (Goisman et al., 1999). Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, in the mid-1960s, and is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems conditions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is usually more focused on the present, more time-limited, and more problem-solving oriented. Indeed, much of what the patient does is solve current problems. The goals of cognitive therapy are to help individuals gain control a better understanding and to solve current problems. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy uses a wide variety of techniques to help patients change their thoughts, actions, attitudes, and make-up. Its focus is on the way we perceive situations influences how we feel emotionally. Techniques may be cognitive, behavioral, environmental, biolog ical, supportive, interpersonal, or experiential. CBT has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for a wide variety of disorders. To name just a few, it has been found useful for: psychiatric disorders such as depression, the full range of anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse, personality disorders, and (along with medication) bipolar disorder and schizophrenia; medical disorders with a psychological component, including several conditions involving chronic or acute pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, pre-menstrual syndrome, colitis, sleep disorders, obesity, Gulf War syndrome, and somatoform disorders; and Psychological problems such as anger, relationship difficulties, and compulsive gambling. In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy clients learn certain skills that they can use throughout their lives. These skills involve relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors, identifying distorted thinking, and modifying beliefs Distorted thinking or Cognitive distortions are exaggerated and irrational thoughts. There are many types of Cognitive distortion: Emotional reasoning is Feelings are facts; Anticipating negative outcomes -The worst will happen; All-or-nothing thinking-All good or all bad; Mind-reading Knowing what others are thinking; Personalization Excess responsibility; and Mental filter Ignoring the positive. The cognitive distortions theory was presented by David Burns in The Feeling Good Handbook in 1989. He studied under Aaron T. Beck. According to Beck eliminating these distortions and negative thoughts will improve mood and discourage disorders such as depression and chronic anxiety. The process of learning to refute these distortions is called cognit ive restructuring. Modifying Beliefs is a huge step where one must recognize and identify certain beliefs even exist. However, in order to improve your attitude or behavior, you must begin to change these beliefs and adopt new healthy ones. This can be a difficult task if the belief is one that you have held onto all your life. For you to change any belief system, you must begin by questioning yourself about these beliefs sort of a personal rebuttal to your own ineffective beliefs. When it comes to relating to others, most people have been conditioned to think one way, the win-lose way. Relating to others simply means interacting effectively with a wide range of people in a many different situations. Clients who relate well to others are open to new learning and able to take different roles in different situations. They are aware of how their words and actions affect others. They know when it is appropriate to compete and when it is appropriate to co-operate. By working effectively together, they can come up with new approaches, ideas, and ways of thinking. Behavior change can refer to any transformation or modification of human behavior and is a rapid and involuntary when associated with mental disorders. Overview Ivan Pavlov, B.F. skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Albert Bandura, Arnold Lazarus, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the contributors to the development of Cognitive Behavior therapy. There are three main theoretical approaches Cognitive behavior therapy. The first approach is Behavior therapy which is based upon the principles of classical conditioning developed by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning developed by B. F. Skinner. Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. The traditional example of classical conditioning is Pavlovs classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. Operant conditioning is a meth od of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. The traditional example of operant conditioning uses the Skinner box, the subject, a rat, is kept in the box and becomes conditioned to press a bar by being rewarded with food pellets each time its early random movements caused it to press against the bar. The second theoretical approach is social learning theory is the view that people learn from observation, imitation and modeling. The social theory was coined by Albert Banduras in the 1960s, and explains how people learn new behaviors, values, and attitudes. Arnold Lazarus is a pioneer in behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, and multimodal therapy. He originated the term Behavior Therapy in the professional literature and went on to develop Multimodal Therapy which has been recognized as one of the most effective forms of cognitive-behavior t herapy. Arnold Lazarus expanded the scope of CBT to include physical sensations (as distinct from emotional states), visual images (as distinct from language-based thinking), interpersonal relationships, and biological factors. The third theoretical approach is cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy seeks to help the patient overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. It was developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s.